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X-ray Diffractometer (XRD) Malvern Panalytical Empyrean
Instrument
Malvern Panalytical's X-ray diffractometer (Empyrean 3rd generation) enables a wide variety of measurements to be made on all types of samples: from powders to thin films, nanomaterials and solid objects. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measures the intensity of X-rays scattered by a sample as a function of the scattering angle (between 0.1 degrees and 5 degrees). A SAXS signal is observed whenever a material contains structural features in the nanometer range, generally between 1 and 100 nm in length. Wide-angle X-ray scattering (WAXS) probes material structures on a much smaller length scale, that of interatomic distances. For nanostructure analysis of thin films and surfaces, grazing-incidence smallangle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) and grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS) provide information on the dimensions and lateral organization of nanoelements.
Malvern Panalytical Empyrean
Rates
Applications
Rapid and abnormal deterioration of concrete containing sulphide aggregates was observed in the Trois-Rivières area (Qc, Canada). In this publication Mineralogical and chemical assessment of concrete damaged by the oxidation of sulfide-bearing aggregates: Importance of thaumasite formation on reaction mechanisms (Rodrigues et al., Cement and Concrete Research, 2012, 42, 1336) researchers were able to identify and understand the degradation mechanisms involved in the use of sulfide aggregates.
Thaumasite (Ca3Si(CO3)(SO4)(OH)6•12(H2O) occurs in a variety of morphologies, and because it is similar to ettringite (Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12•26(H2O) its identification can be complex. Using X-ray powder diffraction, the researchers demonstrated the presence of both minerals in the damaged concrete.
